Pesticidal genes and methods of use

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to the field of molecular biology and particularly novel genes that encode pesticidal proteins useful for controlling pests, particularly plant pests. These proteins and the nucleic acid sequences that encode them are useful in preparing pesticidal compositions and in the production of transgenic pest-resistant plants.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the field of molecular biology and particularly novel genes that encode pesticidal proteins useful for controlling pests, particularly plant pests. These proteins and the nucleic acid sequences that encode them are useful in preparing pesticidal compositions and in the production of transgenic pest-resistant plants.

BACKGROUND

Across the world, crops are subjected to multiple threats e.g. pests, plant diseases, weeds. Losses due to pests and diseases are greatly threatening global food supply hence the necessity to develop solutions to avoid partial or complete destruction of cultures. The main solutions are chemicals, biocontrols or GMO.

Current GMO strategies use genes expressing toxins to produce transgenic crops. Toxins are virulence determinants that play an important role in microbial pathogenicity. These toxins are generally derived from Bacillus thuringiensis, a Gram-positive spore forming soil bacterium. They are called Cry (crystal protein) or VIP (Vegetative Insecticidal Protein). Transgenic crops expressing insecticidal protein toxins are used to combat crop damage from insects.

The wide adoption of Bacillus toxins by farmers for controlling insects in the fields gave rise to resistance to B. thuringiensis (Bt) toxins in some target pests in many parts of the world. One way of solving this problem is stacking insecticidal genes with different modes of action against insects in transgenic plants. In order to find new toxins with new modes of action, the strategy consists in discovering new toxins from other sources than B. thuringiensis. These new toxins may be useful as alternatives to those derived from B. thuringiensis for deployment in insect- and pest-resistant transgenic plants. Thus, new toxin proteins are needed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is related to an isolated nucleic acid sequence encoding for a protein selected in the group consisting of:

a) Group 1 proteins having at least 70% identity with SEQ ID NO: 1 (GDI005), and

b) Group 2 proteins having at least 65% identity with SEQ ID NO: 2 (GDI006).

Thus, according to the present invention, GDI0005 protein as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 and proteins having at least 70% identity with SEQ ID NO: 1, form the Group 1 proteins. Similarly, GDI0006 protein as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 and proteins having at least 65% identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, form the Group 2 proteins.

Isolated nucleic acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 or 34 are encoding preferred Group 1 proteins. Isolated nucleic acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, 6, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 or 41 are encoding preferred Group 2 proteins.

An isolated polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid sequences described above is also an object of the present invention. The polypeptide as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 or 17 are preferred Group 1 proteins. The polypeptide as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 are preferred Group 2 proteins.

An object of the invention is a binary toxin of an insect pest, including Diabrotica virgifera virgifera larvae. The binary toxin of the invention is effective when comprising a protein selected from Group 1 proteins with at least 70% identity with SEQ ID NO: 1 (GDI0005A) and a protein selected from Group 2 proteins with at least 65% identity with SEQ ID NO: 2 (GDI0006A). An object of the invention is also a protein component of the binary toxin of the invention selected from either Group 1 or Group 2 proteins as described above.

Another object of the invention is a vector comprising at least one of the nucleic acid sequences as described above. Such vector thus comprises at least one of the nucleic acid sequences encoding one of the proteins of Group 1 or Group 2 of the binary toxin of the invention, or comprises both the nucleic acids each coding for one of the proteins of the binary toxin of the invention, viz. both coding a Group 1 protein and a Group 2 protein.

A preferred vector comprises two nucleic acid sequences, wherein:

-   -   the first one is as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or encoding         proteins having at least 70% identity with SEQ ID NO: 1, or as         set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 or 34, and     -   the second one is as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or encoding         proteins having at least 65% identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, or as         set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, 6, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 or 41.

More preferably, the vector comprises two nucleic acid sequences, wherein the first one is as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 or 34, and the second one is as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, 6, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 or 41.

Preferably, the nucleic acid sequence(s) contained in the vector of the present invention is(are) operably linked to a promoter.

In another aspect, the present invention is related to a host cell comprising the vector of the invention as described above. In particular, the host cell comprises at least one nucleic acid sequence coding for one of the proteins of the binary toxin of Group 1 or Group 2 proteins of the invention, or comprises both the nucleic acid sequences each coding for one of the proteins of Group 1 and Group 2 of the binary toxin of the invention.

Preferably, the host cell is a plant cell which may comprise one or two nucleic acid sequence(s) as described above.

Still, another object of the invention is a transgenic plant comprising at least one nucleic acid sequence as described above. Particularly, said transgenic plant expresses at least one of the proteins of Group 1 or Group 2 of the binary toxin of the invention, or both proteins of the binary toxin of the invention. Thus, such a transgenic plant is a pest tolerant plant.

Advantageously, the transgenic plant of the invention is a maize plant. Also, the transgenic seeds from the transgenic plant, and preferably maize plant, constitute another object of the present invention.

Another object of the present invention is a method for producing a pest tolerant transgenic plant, wherein said method comprises transforming plant cells with a vector of the invention as described above, selecting transformed plant cells comprising the nucleic acid sequences of the invention, and regenerating from said transformed plant cells a pest tolerant transgenic plant expressing at least one polypeptide of the invention described above.

In another aspect, the present invention is related to a method for controlling pest population in field comprising growing in said field the transgenic plant as described above or the seeds thereof.

The present invention is also related to a method for identifying a plant with improved pest tolerance comprising the step of identifying, in a population of plants, the plants expressing at least one of the proteins of Group 1 or Group 2 of the binary toxin of the invention, or both proteins of the binary toxin of the invention, especially those comprising a vector as defined above or a host cell comprising thereof.

In another aspect, the present invention is also related to a method for detecting the presence or absence of a nucleic acid sequence or a polypeptide of the invention as defined above in a biological sample, comprising the steps of obtaining a biological sample, extracting the DNA or the RNA or the proteins from the biological sample; and detecting the presence or absence of a nucleic acid sequence or of a polypeptide of the invention as defined above.

A biological sample of the invention can be defined as a cell lysate. A cell may be a prokaryote belonging to Archaea or Bacteria, a eukaryote such as a fungus or a plant cell. According to the need, cleared lysate or crude lysate can be used.

Means for performing the detection step above in such a method are also an object of the present invention, where said means are selected in the group consisting of:

-   -   at least two primers for amplifying a nucleic acid sequence of         the invention,     -   at least one marker hybridizing to a nucleic acid sequence of         the invention, and     -   at least one antibody recognizing the polypeptide of the         invention.

An object of the present invention is the use of the isolated nucleic acid sequence(s) of the invention as defined above to screen for homolog sequences having insecticidal activity.

Another object of the invention is an insecticidal composition against an insect pest comprising an effective amount of at least one protein of either Group 1 or Group 2 as described herein, or comprising proteins from both Group 1 and Group 2 as described herein.

An object of the invention is a method of producing said insecticidal composition comprising culturing a cell comprising at least one nucleic acid sequence coding for a protein of either Group 1 or Group 2, or preferably both proteins of Group 1 and Group 2, and recovering at least one protein of either Group 1 or Group 2, or both proteins of Group 1 and Group 2. The cell may be a wild type cell or a host cell. The host cell may be a prokaryote, a eukaryote such as a fungus or a plant cell.

Another object of the invention is a method of treating a plant against an infestation of an insect pest or treating a pest-infested plant, comprising administering to the plant or a part thereof at least one protein of either Group 1 or Group 2 of the binary toxin of the invention, or both proteins from each of Group 1 and Group 2 of the binary toxin of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1: Putative operon including GDI0005 and GDI0006 genes and corresponding sequences

FIG. 2: Percentage of identity between GDI0005 and 7 homologous sequences

FIG. 3: Percentage of identity between GDI0006 and 7 homologous sequences

FIG. 4: GDI0005 Cassette for transformation in plants

FIG. 5: GDI0006 Cassette for transformation in plants

FIG. 6: Stunting (A) and mortality (B) of neonate Diabrotica virgifera virgifera larvae in bacterial lysate treatments comprising GDI0005 and/or GDI0006 or negative control (empty strain in buffer) on artificial diet in 96 well plates (n=48 wells per treatment, 2018) at 3 and 5 days after treatment

FIG. 7: Mortality at 5 days after treatment (A) and stunting (sublethal effects) at 3 days after treatment (B) of neonate Diabrotica virgifera virgifera larvae in GDI0005A homolog+GDI0006A homolog bacterial lysate treatments or in the negative control (empty strain in buffer) on artificial diet in 96 well plates (n=48 wells per treatment, 2018)

FIG. 8: Larval weight (mg) of susceptible WCRW larvae (A), Cry3Bb1 resistant WCRW larvae (B) and Cry34/35 resistant WCRW larvae (C) at no dilution in bacterial lysate treatments comprising GDI0005 and GDI0006 proteins or in negative control (empty lysate in buffer, Tris buffer and UTC) or positive control (Cry34/35 lysate) at 5 days after treatment.

FIG. 9: Western blot presenting total proteins extracts from transformed tobacco leaves. The tobacco plants were transformed with GDI0005A (SEQ ID NO: 1) or one of its homologs GDI0175A (SEQ ID NO: 11), GDI0177A (SEQ ID NO: 12), GDI0179A (SEQ ID NO: 13), GDI0181A (SEQ ID NO: 14), GDI0183A (SEQ ID NO: 15), GDI0185A (SEQ ID NO: 16), GDI0187A (SEQ ID NO: 17).

FIG. 10: Western blot presenting total proteins extracts from transformed tobacco leaves. The tobacco plants were transformed with GDI0006A (SEQ ID NO: 2) or one of its homologs GDI0176A (SEQ ID NO: 18), GDI0178A (SEQ ID NO: 19), GDI0180A (SEQ ID NO: 20), GDI0182A (SEQ ID NO: 21), GDI0184A (SEQ ID NO: 22), GDI0186A (SEQ ID NO: 23).

FIG. 11: Stunting of neonate Diabrotica virgifera virgifera larvae, 3 days after treatment with bacterial lysates comprising GDI0005A (SEQ ID NO: 1) and GDI0006A (SEQ ID NO: 2) or GDI0005A (SEQ ID NO: 1) and GDI0176A (SEQ ID NO: 18) or GDI0005A (SEQ ID NO: 1) and GDI0178A (SEQ ID NO: 19) or GDI0005A (SEQ ID NO: 1) and GDI0184A (SEQ ID NO: 22) or GDI0005A (SEQ ID NO: 1) and GDI0186A (SEQ ID NO: 23) or GDI0005A (SEQ ID NO: 1) and GDI0188A (SEQ ID NO: 24) or negative control (empty strain in buffer) or positive control (Cry34/Cry35) on artificial diet in 96 well plates.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Proteins

According to the present invention, the proteins or polypeptides or toxins of the invention are insecticidal. Insecticidal means that the protein/polypeptide/toxin is able to induce the stunting (sub-lethal effect) and/or killing (lethal effect) of insect pests.

Group 1 proteins and Group 2 proteins have an insecticidal activity.

Promoters

According to the present invention, a promoter may be selected amongst promoters that are able to drive expression of a gene in a bacterial, fungal, yeast or a plant cell.

Promoters may be native promoters or heterologous promoters. A heterologous promoter is a promoter that is not the natural promoter of the gene placed downstream.

In a preferred embodiment, a promoter able to drive expression of a gene in a bacterial cell is able to drive expression in E. coli. In another preferred embodiment, such a promoter is able to drive expression of a gene in a yeast cell, such as expression in Yarrowia lipolytica.

In another preferred embodiment, a promoter “functional in plants” able to drive expression of a gene operably linked thereto in a plant cell is able to drive expression of a gene in a maize cell.

To be expressed, a sequence coding for the protein to be overexpressed as defined above, and preferably a protein as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or in SEQ ID NO: 2, may be present under the control of a constitutive, tissue specific, developmentally regulated, inducible or meiosis promoter. Such promoters are generally well-known in the art. Other suitable promoters could be used. Such could be tissue-specific promoters such as a leaf-specific promoter, a seed-specific promoter, a BETL specific promoter and the like. Numerous tissue-specific promoters are described in the literature and any one of them can be used, such as, for example, the promoters disclosed in US 20130024998.

Other useful promoters are the promoters regulated during seed development such as the HMWG promoter (High Molecular Weight Glutenin) of wheat (Anderson & Greene, 1989; Robert et al., 1989), the waxy, zein or bronze promoters of maize, or the promoters disclosed in US 20150007360, US 20120011621, US 20100306876, US 20090307795 or US 20070028327.

Although some promoters may have the same pattern of regulation across various species, it is often preferable in plants to use monocotyledonous promoters in monocotyledonous plants and dicotyledonous promoters in dicotyledonous plants.

In a preferred embodiment, the promoter is pCsVMV+OsActin+intron as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 7.

Definition of Homolog Sequences

Homolog sequences of the present invention can be isolated from public or private collections and can also be prepared by various conventional methods, such as random mutagenesis, site-directed mutagenesis, gene synthesis or gene shuffling, based on all or a part of the peptide sequences presented in the present invention or using all or part of their coding nucleotide sequences. Such homologs comprise, for example, deletions, insertions, or substitutions of one or more residues in the amino acid sequence of the protein, or a combination thereof. The present invention also relates to any homologs of the sequences GDI0005A and GDI0006A disclosed herein, provided that these homologs retain insecticidal activity alone (GDI0005-type or GDI0006-type) or in binary form (GDI0005-type with GDI0006-type).

According to the invention, a GDI0005A homolog is a protein with at least 70% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1, preferably at least 73% of sequence identity, preferably at least 75% identity, preferably at least 80% sequence identity, preferably at least 85% sequence identity, preferably at least 90% sequence identity, preferably at least 95% sequence identity, preferably at least 98% sequence identity, preferably at least 99% sequence identity, preferably at least 99.2% sequence identity, preferably at least 99.5% sequence identity, preferably at least 99.8% sequence identity, preferably at least 99.9% sequence identity.

In a preferred embodiment, the GDI0005A homologs are chosen amongst sequences SEQ ID NO:11 to SEQ ID NO: 17.

According to the invention, a GDI0006A homolog is a protein with at least 65% of sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, preferably at least 68% sequence identity, preferably at least 70% sequence identity, preferably at least 75% sequence identity, preferably at least 80% sequence identity, preferably at least 85% sequence identity, preferably at least 90% sequence identity, preferably at least 95% sequence identity, preferably at least 98% sequence identity, preferably at least 99% sequence identity, preferably at least 99.2% sequence identity, preferably at least 99.5% sequence identity, preferably at least 99.8% sequence identity, preferably at least 99.9% sequence identity.

In a preferred embodiment, the GDI0006A homologs are chosen amongst sequences SEQ ID NO:18 to SEQ ID NO: 24.

The homolog sequences exhibit a sequence vs query coverage (GDI0005A or GDI0006A) length of 50% of the sequences or more and an identity of >30% in this aligned region. This percentage of identity is preferably obtained by using the BLASTP algorithm.

“Percentage of sequence identity” can be determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window, where the portion of the polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage is calculated by determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity. Preferably, the percentage of sequence identity as defined in the context of the present invention is determined via the global alignment of sequences compared over their entire length.

The homolog proteins may be identified, by applying the BLASTP program (Altschul et al. (1997), Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402; Altschul et al. (2005) FEBS J. 272:5101-5109) to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2, using the default algorithm parameters.

Binary toxin Insecticidal binary toxins are comprised of two components, one from Group 1 proteins and another one from Group 2 proteins, and induce the killing or stunting when the two components are administered in combination to insect pests. Some of the toxin proteins can have lethal or sub-lethal properties when administered alone. However, insecticidal binary toxin proteins are substantially more toxic when the two component proteins are administered together.

The GDI0005A protein and its homologs, such as GDI0175A as depicted in SEQ ID NO:11, GDI0177A as depicted in SEQ ID NO:12, GDI0179A as depicted in SEQ ID NO:13, GDI0181A as depicted in SEQ ID NO:14, GDI0183A as depicted in SEQ ID NO:15, GDI0185A as depicted in SEQ ID NO:16 and GDI0187A as depicted in SEQ ID NO:17, belong to the Group 1 proteins.

The GDI0006A protein and its homologs, such as GDI0176A as depicted in SEQ ID NO:18, GDI0178A as depicted in SEQ ID NO:19, GDI0180A as depicted in SEQ ID NO:20, GDI0182A as depicted in SEQ ID NO:21, GDI0184A as depicted in SEQ ID NO:22, GDI0186A as depicted in SEQ ID NO:23 and GDI0188A as depicted in SEQ ID NO:24, belong to the Group 2 proteins.

In one embodiment of the invention, an insecticidal binary toxin can be formed with any protein chosen in Group 1 combined with any protein chosen from Group 2 in order to maximize the lethal or sub-lethal effect on insect larvae.

In specific embodiments, GDI0005A and GDI0006A are forming a first binary toxin, GDI0175A and GDI0176A are forming a second binary toxin, GDI0177A and GDI0178A are forming a third binary toxin, GDI0179A and GDI0180A are forming a fourth binary toxin, GDI0181A and GDI0182A are forming a fifth binary toxin, GDI0183A and GDI0184A are forming a sixth binary toxin, GDI0185A and GDI0186A are forming a seventh binary toxin, and GDI0187A and GDI0188A are forming an eighth binary toxin. In other specific embodiments of the binary toxins, GDI0005A may be combined with any of the GDI0006A homologs, such as combined with such as GDI0176A as depicted in SEQ ID NO:18, GDI0178A as depicted in SEQ ID NO:19, GDI0180A as depicted in SEQ ID NO:20, GDI0182A as depicted in SEQ ID NO:21, GDI0184A as depicted in SEQ ID NO:22, GDI0186A as depicted in SEQ ID NO:23 or GDI0188A as depicted in SEQ ID NO:24. Similarly, GDI0006A may be combined with any of the GDI0005A homologs, such as combined with GDI0175A as depicted in SEQ ID NO:11, GDI0177A as depicted in SEQ ID NO:12, GDI0179A as depicted in SEQ ID NO:13, GDI0181A as depicted in SEQ ID NO:14, GDI0183A as depicted in SEQ ID NO:15, GDI0185A as depicted in SEQ ID NO:16 or GDI0187A as depicted in SEQ ID NO:17.

Cassettes and Vectors

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid sequences encoding the protein GDI0005A or one of its homologs and GDI0006A or one of its homologs are under the control of a single promoter in the cassette. A single cassette cloned in a single vector is inserted in a host cell such as a cell selected from a microalga, a plant, a bacterium, an archaeon, a yeast, or a fungus, such as exemplified herein below. Vectors required to transform these cell types are well-known in the art. The transformed cell is able to express a fusion of GDI0005A (or one of its homologs) and GDI0006A (or its homologs).

In a particular embodiment, the two proteins may be expressed as one protein with a protein linker between the two components of the binary toxin.

This linker may be a sequence from 4 to 21 amino acid residues in length. The linker may be a natural sequence or a designed one. The linker may comprise a proteolytic cleavage site in order to separate the two fused proteins. The linker may be long and flexible in order to keep the two proteins fused and allow a correct folding of the two proteins. Linkers are exemplified in Chen X, Zaro J L, Shen W C. Fusion protein linkers: property, design and functionality. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2012; 65(10):1357-69.

In a second embodiment, the two proteins are encoded by two differing cassettes cloned in the same vector. A host cell is transformed with said vector. The host cell is able to express both proteins.

In a third embodiment, the two proteins are encoded by two differing cassettes cloned in two separate vectors.

In a particular embodiment, a host cell is transformed with these two vectors. The host cell is able to express both proteins.

According to the present invention, the vector may also carry a selectable marker. The term “selectable marker” is intended to mean a gene, the expression of which confers, on the host cells which contains it, a characteristic which makes it possible to select said host cells thus transformed (positive selection). It is, for example, a gene conferring antibiotic resistance or thermostable antibiotic resistance, or coding for an enzyme that can complement an auxotrophy (natural, such as overcoming the absence of an indispensable amino acid, or engineered, such as URA3-deficient mutants where URA3 is necessary for uracil biosynthesis). Selectable marker genes include those conferring resistance to antibiotics such as kanamycin (nptll gene), hygromycin (aph IV) spectinomycin (aadA) and gentamycin (aac3 and aacC4) or resistance to herbicides such as glufosinate (bar or pat), dicamba (DMO) and glyphosate (aroA or EPSPS). Selectable markers that allow a direct visual identification of transformants can also be employed, for example, genes expressing a colored or fluorescent protein such as a luciferase or green fluorescent protein (GFP) or a gene expressing a beta-glucuronidase or uidA gene (GUS) for which various chromogenic substrates are known. They may be host specific. Selectable markers are well-known in the art.

In another embodiment, a host cell is transformed with at least one vector encoding a first protein of the binary toxin and another host cell is transformed with at least one another vector encoding for the second protein of the binary toxin. When the host cells are plant cells, the two grown plants derived therefrom are then crossed. Of the progeny, the plants expressing both proteins are selected. When the host cells are microbial cells, each host cell expressing one of the proteins of the binary toxin is cultivated separately to express one of the protein component of the binary toxin, In another embodiment, when the host cells are microbial cells, both proteins of the binary toxin are expressed in the same host cell.

In a preferred embodiment, such vector comprises a promoter pCsVMV+OsActin+intron as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 7.

Those skilled in the art may introduce at least one copy of the nucleic acids or at least one copy of the vectors as described above into the host cells by well-known conventional means. For example, mention may be made of calcium chloride treatment, electroporation, the use of a particle gun, virus-mediated transformation, transformation by microinjection, Agrobacterium mediated plant transformation (Ishida et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 14:745-750, 1996).

According to one embodiment, those skilled in the art may introduce into the host cell, and by conventional means, several copies of a nucleic acid or vectors as described above.

The transformation step may be followed by a selecting step and a regeneration step. The selection and regeneration processes dedicated for each species are well known by the skilled person.

Signal Peptide/Targeting

According to the present invention, the two components of the binary toxin can be targeted in particular cellular compartments by fusing signal peptides nucleic sequences to the nucleic acid sequences encoding GDI0005 and GDI0006.

The signal peptides can target the proteins of the invention towards different organelles e.g. the nucleus, the vacuole, the ER, the mitochondria, the chloroplasts. In Gram negative bacteria, they target the proteins of the invention towards the periplasm. In Gram positive bacteria, they target the proteins of the invention to be secreted outside the cell, in the culture medium.

Signal peptides of the invention can be chloroplast targeting signals such as Maize RUBISCO Activase (RCA) (SEQ ID NO: 42), Maize ketol-acid reductoisomerase KARI2 (SEQ ID NO: 43), Maize acetolactate synthase 1 (AHAS) (SEQ ID NO: 44), C. reinhardtii 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,426,204B2, Tomato Z,Z-farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase described in Sallaud et al. (2009), Tomato santalene and bergamotene synthase (Sallaud et al. (2009), Rice RUBISCO SSU (Jang et al. (2002)), Arabidopsis RUBISCO SSU (Wong et al. 1992).

Other chloroplast targeting signals have been identified in the literature for example in Von Heijne et al. (1991) and may be used for targeting the protein(s) of the present invention.

Signal peptides of the invention can be mitochondrial targeting signals such as OsPPR_02g02020 and Os01g49190 described in Huang et al. (2009) or Apoplast Secretion signal such as barley alpha-amylase signal sequence (Rogers 1985) and tobacco pathogenesis-related protein, PR1a (Pen et al. 1992).

Signal peptides of the invention can target proteins into the Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with an ER retention signal such as the C-term KDEL motif, into the vacuole with the barley aleuraine signal peptide (Holwerda et al. (1992) or the Tobacco Chitinase A signal peptide (Neuhaus et al. (1994).

Other signal peptides of the invention are Peroxisome targeting C-terminal PTS1 signals, SKL, SRL and variants (Hayashi et al. (1996), Kragler et al. (1998) and Nuclear targeting signal (NLS) such as Simian virus SV40 (Kalderon at al. (1984)). Raikhel N. (1992) also describes plant NLS sequences.

The proteins of the invention can be targeted into protein bodies in order to improve protein accumulation in the cell with the maize gamma zein signal peptide described in Torrent et al. (2009) for example.

In addition, maize proteins that are located to different plant compartments and thus have targeting signals are described in the Maize Cell genomics database (http://maize.jcvi.org/cellgenomics/index.php). Plant compartments include: cell wall, chloroplast, amyloplast, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, nucleus, peroxisomes, plasma membrane, plasmodesmata, protein bodies, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, tonoplast, vacuole, vesicles, perinuclear space.

In a first embodiment, the Group 1 and Group 2 proteins of the invention are both targeted in the same cellular compartment.

In a second embodiment, the Group 1 and Group 2 proteins of the invention are targeted in different cellular compartments.

Host Cells The host cell may be a prokaryote belonging to Archaea or Bacteria, a eukaryote such as a fungus or a plant cell.

According to the present invention, the host cell as described above may be a microbial cell such as Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Neurospora, Humicola, Penicillium, Fusarium, Thermomonospora, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Escherichia, Clostridium, Cellulomonas, Streptomyces, Yarrowia, Pichia or Saccharomyces.

For example, according to one embodiment, the microbial host cell as described above may be chosen from Trichoderma reesei, Trichoderma viridae, Trichoderma koningii, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus wentii, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus phoenicis, Neurospora crassa, Humicola grisae, Penicillium pinophilum, Penicillium oxalicum, Escherichia coli, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium saccharolyticum, Clostridium bejerinckii, Clostridium butylicum, Pichia pastoris, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Yarrowia lipolytica.

According to the present invention, the host cell as described above may be a microalgal cell such as belonging to cyanobacterial species.

For example, according to one embodiment, the microalgal host cell as described above may be Synechococcus sp., or Synechocystis sp.

According to the present invention, the host cell as described above is a plant cell chosen from dicotyledons and monocotyledons.

For example, according to one embodiment, the plant host cell as described above is chosen from dicotyledons such as tobacco, cotton, soybean, sunflower, rapeseed and monocotyledons such as wheat, maize, rice, barley, sorghum, and preferably maize.

The present invention is related to a host cell comprising the vector of the invention as described above. In particular, the host cell comprises at least one nucleic acid sequence coding for one of the proteins of the binary toxin of Group 1 or Group 2 proteins of the invention, or comprises both the nucleic acid sequences each coding for one of the proteins of Group 1 and Group 2 of the binary toxin of the invention.

Preferably, the host cell is a plant cell which may comprise one or two nucleic acid sequence(s) as described above.

Transgenic Plants

The transgenic plant may be chosen from dicotyledons and monocotyledons.

According to one embodiment, the transgenic plant is chosen from dicotyledons such as tobacco, cotton, soybean, sunflower, rapeseed and monocotyledons such as wheat, maize, rice, barley, sorghum, and preferably maize.

Controlling Pest Population/Tolerance

According to the present invention, controlling pest population means limiting the development of the pest, stopping its development or killing the pest. This includes inducing a physiological or behavioral change in a pest (adults or larvae) such as, growth stunting, increased mortality, decrease in reproductive capacity, decrease in or cessation of feeding behavior or movement, or decrease in or cessation of metamorphosis stage development.

The reduction in the pest's viability induces an enhanced tolerance of the plant to infestation by pests.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention achieves insect tolerance and more preferably Coleopteran tolerance and more preferably tolerance to Western Corn Rootworm (WCRW) Diabrotica virgifera virgifera.

In one embodiment, the present invention is related to a method for controlling pest population in field comprising growing in said field a transgenic plant of the invention or the transgenic seed therefrom.

In a preferred embodiment, the present invention is related to a method for controlling insect population in field, more preferably Coleopteran population and more preferably Western Corn Rootworm (WCRW) Diabrotica virgifera virgifera population.

Production Processes According to the present invention, the protein components of the binary toxin may be produced together in a host cell, or separately in separate host cells, that may be of the same kind or different, and thereafter combined in a single composition at the desired dosage to provide effective amounts thereof for application to the plant or its environment, and to the insect pest.

The proteins of the binary toxin of the invention may be produced alone or in combination for use in the compositions by culturing host cells. The gene of interest is cloned into an expression vector, which is then inserted into a host cell. The transformed host cell is cultured under expression conditions with induction when required.

Alternatively, each protein component of the binary toxin of the invention may be produced by culturing the wild type microorganism (Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi and prokaryotic and eukaryotic microalgae). The growth conditions of wild type microorganisms are modified and adapted to improve the growth or the production of binary toxin, or both taking advantage of adaptive evolution capabilities of these microorganisms under selective pressure.

In one embodiment, a composition comprising a wild type Chryseobacterium expressing at least one protein of either Group 1 or Group 2 of the binary toxin of the invention, or both proteins from each of Group 1 and Group 2 of the binary toxin of the invention is one object of the present invention. Such a composition may in particular be used for treating a plant against an infestation of an insect pest or treating a pest-infested plant by administering the composition to the plant or a part thereof.

A wild type Chryseobacterium is a Chryseobacterium bacterial strain that can be found in nature. Such a naturally occurring strain is not modified, transformed, or mutated.

Such Chryseobacterium strains which may be used according to the invention are for example listed below.

Chryseobacterium arthrosphaerae CC-VM-7 (Jeong et al., 2016. Genome Announc 4(5):e01168-16. doi:10.1128/genomeA.01168-16), a strain isolated from the faeces of the pill millipede Arthrosphaera magna Attems (Kampfer et al. 2010 International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 60, 1765-1769). This strain is expressing SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2.

Chryseobacterium carnipullorum strain 25581 is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, non-motile bacterium which has been isolated from a raw chicken from a poultry processing plant in Bloemfontein in South Africa (Charimba et al. 2013) This strain is accessible through the Leibniz Institute DSMZ—German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures. This strain is expressing GDI0175A (SEQ ID NO: 11) and GDI0176A (SEQ ID NO: 18).

Chryseobacterium shigense strain DSM17126 (also known as BAMY 1001 and GUM-Kaji) is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile bacterium which has been isolated from a lactic acid beverage in Japan (Shimomura et al. 2005) This strain is accessible through the Leibniz Institute DSMZ—German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures. This strain is expressing GDI0177A (SEQ ID NO: 12) and GDI0178A (SEQ ID NO: 19).

Chryseobacterium kwangjuense strain KJ1R5 (also known as KACC 13029(T) and JCM 15904(T)) is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium which has been isolated from the root of a pepper plant Capsicum annuum in Kwangju in Korea (Sang et al. 2013) This strain is accessible through JCM Riken. This strain is expressing GDI0183A (SEQ ID NO: 15) and GDI0184A (SEQ ID NO: 22).

Chryseobacterium OV705 is expressing GDI0185A (SEQ ID NO: 16) and GDI0186A (SEQ ID NO: 23).

Chryseobacterium indologenes is expressing GDI0187A (SEQ ID NO: 17) and GDI0188A (SEQ ID NO: 24).

Whether the proteins are produced by wild type microorganisms or recombinant microorganisms, the proteins may be recovered from cell pellets with or without breaking the cells before, or they may be extracted, purified and concentrated from cell pellets, culture supernatants or the whole cultures.

Compositions

An insecticidal composition of the invention contains a combination of one or more active agents, including one or both Group 1 and Group 2 proteins of the binary toxin of the invention with one or more other components such as for example, a carrier, an adjuvant, a surfactant, an emulsifier, an encapsulating agent, a release agent, a permeation agent, a detectable agent, and other components known in the art to confer one of more of the following properties to the active agent or the composition itself such as stability, emulsification, suspension or solubilization of the active agent, persistence of the active agent in the environment or on the plant permeability, penetration of the active agent into the plant, absorption into the insect pest.

Commercial formulation of proteins of the binary toxin of the invention may be used to produce stable and easy-to-use products for agriculture and horticulture. Commercial formulations include wettable powders, suspension concentrates, water dispersible granules, oil miscible suspensions, capsule suspensions and granules.

The composition of the invention may also contain other active agents such as herbicides, fungicides, bactericides, nematocides, molluscicides, or other insecticides. The composition may also contain other active agents that favor plant growth such as fertilizers, nutrients, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) or micronutrient donors.

Usage

According to the present invention, a plant may be treated against an infestation of an insect pest or treating a pest-infested plant by administering the binary toxin or any of the two protein components making the binary toxin to the insect pest. The treatment may thus be preventive, that is before an infestation by the insect pest, or curative, that is once the infestation by the insect pest is present. The toxin or the protein(s) may be administered by culturing a transgenic plant expressing an effective amount of one or both protein components of the binary toxin of the invention. Alternatively, the plant may be treated by applying a composition comprising an effective amount of one or both protein components of the binary toxin of the invention to the environment of the insect pest Said composition may be applied to any of the plant parts, either directly to its foliage, or to its roots, or both, or to the seeds, typically onto the foliage of the plant, or onto crop by conventional methods such as spraying. Other application methods include, but are not limited to, dusting, sprinkling, aerating, soil soaking, soil injection, seed coating, seedling coating, foliar spraying, misting, fumigating, aerosolizing, and any other application methods well known to those skilled in the art. Furthermore, the composition comprising an effective amount of at least one of the protein components of the binary toxin of the invention may be applied to a transgenic plant expressing the other protein component. For compositions comprising a single component of the binary toxin of the invention, such compositions may be applied either alone, or two of these compositions, each having one of the protein components of the binary toxin; they may be applied simultaneously or sequentially.

An “effective amount” is an amount sufficient to reverse, slow, stunt, delay or stop the growth of an insect pests in a larval stage or adult stage, or cause death to the larvae or adult insect pests. An effective amount may be administered in one or more treatment applications or via one or more methods as disclosed herein.

As would be appreciated by a person skilled in the art, the effective amount will vary widely depending upon the nature of the particular formulation, particularly whether it is a concentrate to be diluted before use, or to be used directly. The formulation may contain the binary toxin of the invention from about 1% by weight to about 100% by weight. The dry formulations may have from about 1-95% by weight of the binary toxin while the liquid formulations may generally have from about 1-60% by weight of the solids in the liquid phase. Compositions of whole cells expressing the binary toxin of the invention may generally have from about 10² to about 10⁴ cells/mg. These compositions may be used at about 50 mg (liquid or dry) to 1 kg or more per hectare.

According to the present invention, pest population may be controlled by growing a transgenic plant expressing at least one of the two proteins of the binary toxin, the other protein of the binary toxin may then be applied to the plant in the form of a treatment as described above. Pest population may also be controlled by growing a plant modified to express both proteins of the binary toxin.

Compositions of the invention may be formulated into bait granules containing an attractant and the binary toxin of the invention or whole cells expressing them or one of its protein components as described herein. Bait granules may be applied to the soil. Compositions of the invention can also be applied as a seed-coating or root treatment or total plant treatment at later stages of the crop cycle. For plant and soil treatments, cells expressing the binary toxins of the invention or one of its component protein as described herein may be employed as wettable powders, granules or powders, by mixing with various inert materials, such as inorganic minerals (phyllosilicates, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and the like) or botanical materials (powdered corncobs, rice hulls, walnut shells, and the like). The formulations may include spreader-sticker adjuvants, stabilizing agents, other pesticidal additives, or surfactants. Liquid formulations may be aqueous or non-aqueous in the form of foams, gels, suspensions, emulsifiable concentrates, and the like. The ingredients may include rheological agents, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants, or polymers.

In another embodiment of methods and compositions disclosed herein, the cultures of host cells expressing the binary toxin of the invention may be flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen, followed by storage at the final freezing temperature. The culture may also be frozen in a more gradual manner, or any other method known in the art for freezing a host cell culture.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Genome Sequencing and DNA Analysis

DNA samples isolated from a bacterium from a private collection containing Chryseobacterium species were quantified by Picogreen measurement and the quality was checked with an agarose gel electrophoresis analysis. The DNA samples were normalized before being fragmented using Adaptative Focused Acoustics technology. Illumina compatible PCR free libraries were produced from each initial DNA sample. During this process, each library was individually barcoded with a unique double index strategy. Each library was then quantified by qPCR measurement before to be pooled. 96 libraries were pooled together and sequenced with a paired-End 2×100 bases strategy. Roughly 50 Mb was produced per pool.

Read sequences from each sample were both adapter and quality trimmed with the tool cutadapt version 1.8.3 (https://pypi.org/project/cutadapt/). Trimmed reads were further assembled with the de novo assembler SPADES version 3.5.0 (http://cab.spbu.ru/software/spades/), and protein coding genes were predicted with tool Prodigal version 2.6.3 (https://github.com/hyattpd/Prodigal).

Search for homologous sequences in public database: Predicted protein sequences of coding regions in the sequenced genomes were aligned against proteins with demonstrated or putative insecticidal activity found in public databases using BLASTP. Novel sequences that exhibited a sequence vs query coverage length of 50% of the sequences or more and an identity of >30% in this aligned region were potential candidates.

Example 2: Identification of Binary Toxin Gene Candidates and 7 Corresponding Binary Toxins with Homologous Sequences

Protein sequences GDI0005A (SEQ ID NO: 1) and GDI0006A (SEQ ID NO: 2) identified from Example 1 were found to have very low identity to PIP45 proteins described in patent application WO2016/114973. GDI0005A had 39% identity to PIP45-Ga1 and GDI0006A 32% identity to PIP45-Ga2. However, PIP45-Ga1 plus PIP45-Ga2 isolated from Cellvibrio japonicus were described as having no detectable Western Corn Rootworm (WCRW) insecticidal activity whereas related proteins from Pseudomonas such as PIP74Aa1 plus PIP74Aa2 having 36% and 30% identity to GDI0005A and GDI0006A respectively had WCRW activity. All these proteins are binary protein toxins.

GDI0005A and GDI0006A were located together in a putative operon thus strengthening the possibility that they could be binary toxins with insecticidal activity (FIG. 1; SEQ ID NO: 45).

The genomic sequence of the strain containing GDI0005A and GDI0006A is very closely related (99% identity) to the published sequence of the strain Chryseobacterium arthrosphaerae CC-VM-7 (Jeong et al., 2016. Genome Announc 4(5):e01168-16. doi:10.1128/genomeA.01168-16), a strain isolated from the faeces of the pill millipede Arthrosphaera magna Attems (Kampfer et al. 2010 International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 60, 1765-1769). GDI0005A has 99% identity to the Chryseobacterium arthrosphaerae protein A0A1B8Z9L3 (GN=BB100_22205) and GDI0006A has 100% identity to A0A1B8Z9X7 (GN=BB100_22200). However, both genes were annotated as ‘uncharacterized proteins’.

Proteins homologous to GDI0005A identified by BLASTP analysis in the UniProt database are represented by SEQ ID NO: 11 to SEQ ID NO:17. The percentage of identity between the sequences are presented in FIG. 2. All proteins are found in the genome of the genus Chryseobacterium of various species, Chryseobacterium carnipullorum (GDI0175A; SEQ ID NO: 11), Chryseobacterium shigense (GDI0177A; SEQ ID NO: 12), Chryseobacterium kwangjuense (GDI0183A; SEQ ID NO: 15), OV705 (GDI0185A; SEQ ID NO: 16), Chryseobacterium indologenes (GDI0187A; SEQ ID NO: 17). They are all organized in a putative operon like GDI0005 and GDI0006.

Proteins homologous to GDI0006A identified by BLASTP analysis in the UniProt database are represented by SEQ ID NO: 18 to SEQ ID NO: 24. The percentage of identity between the sequences are presented in FIG. 3. All proteins are found in the genome of the genus Chryseobacterium of various species, C. carnipullorum (GDI0176A; SEQ ID NO: 18), C. shigense (GDI0178A; SEQ ID NO: 19), C. kwangjuense (GDI0184A; SEQ ID NO: 22), OV705 (GDI0186A; SEQ ID NO: 23), C. indologenes (GDI0188A; SEQ ID NO: 24). They are all organized in a putative operon like GDI0005 and GDI0006.

Chryseobacterium carnipullorum strain 25581 is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, non-motile bacterium which has been isolated from a raw chicken from a poultry processing plant in Bloemfontein in South Africa (Charimba et al. 2013) This strain is accessible through the Leibniz Institute DSMZ—German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures.

Chryseobacterium shigense strain DSM17126 (also known as BAMY 1001 and GUM-Kaji) is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile bacterium which has been isolated from a lactic acid beverage in Japan (Shimomura et al. 2005) This strain is accessible through the Leibniz Institute DSMZ—German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures.

Chryseobacterium kwangjuense strain KJ1R5 (also known as KACC 13029(T) and JCM 15904(T)) is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium which has been isolated from the root of a pepper plant Capsicum annuum in Kwangju in Korea (Sang et al. 2013) This strain is accessible through JCM Riken.

Example 3: Cloning and Expression of GDI0005A and GDI0006A in E. coli

To express GDI0005A and GDI0006A in E. coli the DNA gene coding sequences, lacking the sequences encoding the N-terminal Met and C-terminal Codon stop, were optimised for expression in E. coli (SEQ ID NO: 26 and SEQ ID NO: 27). These sequences were cloned into the Electra Cloning Vector pD441-HMBP (ATUM (ex DNA2.0) thus fusing a N-terminal His+MBP TAG coding sequence to each gene. The clones were transformed into E. coli strain BL21(DE3) and grown in an auto-induction medium (Staby®Switch medium/Delphi Genetics/GE-AIME-04) in a volume of 50 mL. Cultures were centrifuged and resuspended in 12 mL of a chemical cell lysis buffer (NZY Bacterial Cell Lysis Buffer/NZYtech/MB17801) with 6 μL lysozyme (50 mg/mL) and 6 μL DNasel (2 mg/ml).

In a similar way, the GDI0005A homologous proteins of SEQ ID NO: 11 to SEQ ID NO: 17 (optimized nucleic sequences for E. coli SEQ ID NO: 28 to SEQ ID NO: 34) and GDI0006A homologous proteins of SEQ ID NO: 18 to SEQ ID NO: 24 (optimized nucleic sequences for E. coli SEQ ID NO: 35 to SEQ ID NO: 41) were expressed in E. coli and bacterial lysates prepared for insect larval activity assays.

Example 4: Susceptible Coleopteran Bioassays with GDI0005A and GDI0006A Bacterial Lysates

Insecticidal activity bioassays were conducted with lysates to evaluate the effects of the insecticidal proteins on the Coleoptera species, Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte. Larval feeding assays were conducted on a rootworm specific artificial diet (Frontier Scientific Ltd F9800B diet plus lyophilised maize roots, as per Pleau et al. 2002 Ent. Exp. et Appl.) using 96-well plates following Pleau et al. (2002) and Moar et al. (2017 Plos ONE). 20 μL of cleared liquid lysate of different Escherichia coli clones were applied across the 0.8 cm² surface of the 190 μL solid artificial diet per well. The lysates contained the GDI0006A protein or the GDI0005A protein, or a 50:50 mix of both (all HIS&MBP TAGs). A similar volume of cleared empty lysate with its NZY-tech Tris-buffer served as negative control. One neonate larva of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera was placed into each well to feed for 5 days. Results were considered positive if larval mortality and stunting was statistically higher than in the negative control.

An empty lysate as used in this example and the following ones is a bacterial lysate produced in the same conditions and from the same bacterial strain containing the same expression vector as the lysates containing the insecticidal proteins with the only exception that the expression vector does not contain the gene encoding the toxin.

After three days, lysates containing combined GDI0006A & GDI0005A proteins exhibited strong stunting in larvae, compared to the activity of each single GDI0005A and GDI0006A toxins and to the control (FIG. 6A). After five days, similar stunting effects were found, as well as a significative mortality in the rootworm larvae caused by the combined GDI0006A & GDI0005A proteins (FIG. 6B).

After three days, lysates containing combined GDI0006A homolog & GDI0005A homolog proteins exhibited strong stunting in larvae (FIG. 7B). After five days, the results showed a significative mortality in the rootworm larvae caused by the combined GDI0006A homolog & GDI0005A homolog proteins (FIG. 7A).

Example 5: Bioassays with GDI0005A and GDI0006A Bacterial Lysates on Resistant and Susceptible Coleopteran for Determining the Mode Action

Insecticidal Activity:

The insecticidal activity of GDI005 (His_MBP_GDI0005A) and GDI006 (His_MBP_GDI0006A) bacterial lysates against WCRW (western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) was determined utilizing an artificial diet bioassay with a diet produced as described by Huynh M P, et al. (PLoS ONE 12 (11): e0187997), referred to as the WCRMO-1 diet. Four assays (one per strain) were tested against 3 strains of WCRW neonate larvae, WCRW susceptible, WCRW Cry3Bb1 resistant, and WCRW Cry34/35 resistant. The WCRW Cry34/35 resistant population presents an incomplete resistance to Cry34/35 toxins as reported by Ludwick et al. (2017) and Gassmann et al. (2018). This incomplete resistance is typical for a newly discovered field evolved resistance.

Each assay consisted of a series of 3, 96 well assay plates (Costar 3370, Corning Inc., Kennebunk Me.), where each plate contained a replication of samples per test. The assays evaluated the binary mixture at equal ratios of GDI005 and GDI006 at no dilution (1×) for WCRW activity compared to UTC, Empty Lysate, Tris Buffer, and a positive control which was a 1:1 mixture of native bacterial lysate Cry34/35 against susceptible, Cry3Bb1 resistant, and Cry34/35 resistant WCRW, respectively.

Data Evaluation:

Each test had 3 replicates with each replicated containing 1 column of each toxin, negative and positive controls as well as the UTC for a total of 24 data points per treatment per test. Each treated well including the test toxins (GDI005/GDI006), Empty Lysate, Tris Buffer, and POS were treated by adding 20 μL of test substance over approximately 200 μL of WCRMO-1 diet. The UTC had no overlay of test substance as it was diet only. Upon overlaying the test substance, trays were dried under a laminar flow hood for approximately 30 minutes. Next, one neonate WCRW larva was infested to each treatment well of the 96 well assay plate using a fine tipped watercolor brush. After larvae were infested, each plate was covered with a sealing film (Excel Scientific, Inc., Thermalseal RTS™, TSS-RTQ-100) and placed in a 25° C. dark growth chamber for 5 days. At day 5, each plate was removed and larvae in each well were assessed for mortality (live or dead). After the mortality assessment, larvae were weighed as a pooled group per each column of each treatment per replicate 96 well assay plate using an analytical balance in mg. Once mortality and larval weight were assessed, the data were analyzed. The data are shown in FIGS. 8A-8B-8C. A toxin was considered efficacious if the results showed a reduction of at least 50% in weight when exposed to the toxin for 5 days compared to the UTC. The Empty Lysate, Tris Buffer, and POS were utilized as positive and negative controls to evaluate the quality and reliability of each test. In addition, the POS was utilized to gauge the effectiveness of the toxins in comparison to a known toxin class that has been used commercially.

Results:

The assays showed the toxicity of the binary toxin on the Cry34/35 and Cry3B1 resistant strains. The results on Cry34/35 and Cry3Bb1 resistant colonies show that the binary toxin of the invention presents a different mode action from the one of Cry34/35 and Cry3Bb1 toxins.

Example 6: LC50

Purified protein of GDI005 and GDI006 are used to determine the LC50 values of the binary mixture. The first step of the LC50 process is to determine through range finding in vitro bioassays what the concentration of the binary mixture is to kill approximately 50% and 100% of the insects in the assays across 3 replications. These assays will standard protein overlay on top of diet assays where 20 μL of test substance pipetted over approximately 200 μL of WCRMO-1 diet. Upon overlaying the test substance, trays were dried under a laminar flow hood for approximately 30 minutes. Next, one neonate WCRW larva are infested to each treatment well of the 96 well assay plate using a fine tipped watercolor brush. After larvae are infested, each plate is covered with a sealing film (Excel Scientific, Inc., Thermalseal RTS™, TSS-RTQ-100) and placed in a 25° C. dark growth chamber for 5 days. At day 5, each plate is removed and larvae in each well are assessed for mortality (live or dead). After the mortality assessment, larvae are weighed as a pooled group per each column of each treatment per replicate 96 well assay plate using an analytical balance in mg. Once mortality and larval weight are assessed, the data are analyzed. At least 24 data points are generated initially per concentration with more data points added if needed. The initial range finding bioassays are conducted on susceptible WCRW to establish baseline mortality of the purified protein binary mixture.

Once the range finding assays are complete, several concentrations of binary purified protein mixture are made starting at the full-strength concentration and the 50% concentration from the range finding assays and incorporated into the WCRMO-1 diet using low melt agar. Susceptible WCRW larvae are evaluated at first to determine the LC50. Due to the complex nature of the diet incorporation, 48-well plates are utilized. Each well is infested with 7 to 10 neonate larvae and evaluated for mortality after 5 days. In addition, larval weight is assessed on a pooled basis by replication and by concentration. After the LC50 is established on the susceptible WCRW population, Cry3Bb1 and Cry34/35 resistant populations are assessed and LC50 is determined.

Example 7: Tobacco Transient Assay

A synthetic maize codon-optimised sequence encoding GDI0005A plus an N-terminal Histidine TAG (SEQ ID NO: 5) was cloned between the strong constitutive CsVMV promoter (Verdaguer et al. (1996)) linked to a rice actin 5′ UTR (SEQ ID NO: 7) and a Sorghum HSP polyadenylation sequence (SEQ ID NO: 8) present in a plant binary vector. The GDI0005 gene cassette (SEQ ID NO: 9) is represented by FIG. 4. Similarly, a synthetic maize codon-optimised sequence encoding GDI0006A plus an N-terminal Histidine TAG (SEQ ID NO: 6) was cloned into another plant vector. The GDI0006 gene cassette (SEQ ID NO: 10) is represented by FIG. 5. Additionally, the GDI0005A and GDI0006A plant expression cassettes described above were cloned together in the same plant binary vector.

The resulting binary plasmids were transferred into the Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 (pSB1)) according to Komari et al. (1996) giving the strains T11467 (containing GDI0005), T11466 (containing GDI0006) and T11522 (containing GDI0005A and GDI0006A). A standard tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) agroinfiltration protocol (essentially as described in https://bio-protocol.org/bio101/e95) was used to transiently transform leaf sectors with either the single strain or co-infiltration of both single gene strains. In a similar way, the GDI0005A homologs and GDI0006A homologs were transiently transformed in tobacco.

Total proteins were extracted from transformed tobacco leaves and expression of the proteins of interest was examined by Western blot using a polyclonal antibody specific to SEQ ID NO: 1 and able to recognize GDI0005 homologs or a polyclonal antibody specific SEQ ID NO: 2 and able to recognize GDI0006 homologs, respectively.

The Western blot of FIG. 9 shows that the protein GDI0005A (SEQ ID NO: 1) and its homologs GDI0175A (SEQ ID NO: 11), GDI0177A (SEQ ID NO: 12), GDI0179A (SEQ ID NO: 13), GDI0181A (SEQ ID NO: 14), GDI0183A (SEQ ID NO: 15), GDI0185A (SEQ ID NO: 16), GDI0187A (SEQ ID NO: 17) are expressed in transformed tobacco plants. The proteins recognized by the specific antibody are accumulating at the expected size of 53 kDa.

The Western blot of FIG. 10 shows that the protein GDI0006A (SEQ ID NO: 2) and its homologs GDI0176A (SEQ ID NO: 18), GDI0178A (SEQ ID NO: 19), GDI0180A (SEQ ID NO: 20), GDI0182A (SEQ ID NO: 21), GDI0184A (SEQ ID NO: 22), GDI0186A (SEQ ID NO: 23) are expressed in transformed tobacco plants. The proteins recognized by the specific antibody are accumulating at the expected size of 53 kDa and confirmed by the size of the purified GDI0006.

Crude protein extracts are also used in insect larvae toxin activity assays essentially as described in Example 4. The mortality and stunting of the larvae is evaluated at three and five days after treatment.

Example 8: Maize Plant Transformation

The plant binary construct strains T11467, T11466 and T11522 described in example 7 are transformed into the maize inbred A188 essentially as described by Ishida et al. (1996). The strains T11467 and T11466 are also co-transformed into the maize inbred A188. A minimum of 10 individuals, single copy transformants or co-transformants with intact T-DNAs, are produced for each construct. QRT-PCR and Western analyses are performed on TO leaf material. Crude protein extracts are used in insect larvae toxin activity assays essentially as described in Example 4.

The mortality and stunting of the larvae is evaluated at three and five days after treatment.

In a similar way, the GDI0005 homolog and GDI0006 homolog are transformed in maize. Crude protein extracts are also used in insect larvae toxin activity assays essentially as described in Example 4. The mortality and stunting of the larvae is evaluated at three and five days after treatment.

Example 9: Cloning and Expression of GDI0005A and GDI0006A in Pseudomonas fluorescens

To express GDI0005A and GDI0006A in P. fluorescens the DNA gene coding sequences, lacking the sequences encoding the N-terminal Met and C-terminal Codon stop, were optimised for expression in P. fluorescens (SEQ ID NO: 46 and SEQ ID NO: 47, respectively). These sequences were cloned into pCOM10 cloning vector thus fusing a N-terminal His TAG coding sequence to each gene. The clones were transformed into P. fluorescens and grown in LB medium in a volume of 50 mL. Protein expression were induced by dicyclopropyl ketone addition. Cultures were centrifuged and resuspended in 1 mL of resuspension buffer (Tris 20 mM pH8, NaCl 150 mM, DTT 1 mM). Cells were mechanically lysed with silica and glass beads.

In a similar way, the nucleic acid sequences encoding GDI0005A homologous proteins of SEQ ID NO: 11 to SEQ ID NO: 17 and the nucleic acid sequences encoding GDI0006A homologous proteins of SEQ ID NO: 18 to SEQ ID NO: 24 were optimized for expression in Pseudomonas and were expressed in P. fluorescens.

Bacterial lysates were prepared for insect larval activity assays.

Example 10: Production of GDI0005A and GDI0006A Proteins from Wild Type Strains

To produce GDI0005A and GDI0006A proteins or GDI0005A and GDI0006A homologous proteins from wild type strains, the species of genus Chryseobacterium, of example 2 were grown in a rich and mineral media, with and without induction by direct contact with the larvae or insect, in a volume of 200 mL at the optimal temperature of each strain. Cultures were harvested at exponential and stationary phases of growth and were centrifuged. Cells were mechanically lysed with silica and glass beads and resuspended in 10 mL of fresh medium.

Insecticidal activity bioassays were conducted with culture supernatants (toxins secretion) and lysates to evaluate the effects of the insecticidal proteins on the larvae of Coleoptera species

Example 11: Susceptible Coleopteran Bioassays with GDI0005A and GDI0006A or GDI0006 Homologs Bacterial Lysates

The transformed E. coli obtained as described in Example 3 were prepared into lysates and tested as described in Example 4.

The activity of lysates expressing SEQ ID NO: 1 was tested in combination with its own partner, SEQ ID NO: 2, as well as with lysates expressing GDI0176A (SEQ ID NO: 18), GDI0178A (SEQ ID NO: 19), GDI0184A (SEQ ID NO: 22), GDI0186A (SEQ ID NO: 23) or GDI0188A (SEQ ID NO: 24). These 6 combinations showed equivalent activity, a stunting ranging from 88.9% to 97.2%, compared to 7 and 8% basal mortality in the negative controls against Western corn rootworm larvae after 3 days.

This experiment shows that the binary toxin can be formed with a protein chosen in Group 1 and another protein in Group 2 and be effective even if the two proteins are not originating from the same species among genus Chryseobacterium.

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1-24. (canceled)
 25. A vector comprising at least one nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein selected from the group consisting of: a) Group 1 proteins having at least 70% identity with SEQ ID NO: 1 (GDI0005A), and b) Group 2 proteins having at least 65% identity with SEQ ID NO: 2 (GDI0006A).
 26. The vector of claim 25, comprising two nucleic acid sequences, wherein one nucleic acid sequence has at least 70% identity with SEQ ID NO: 1 (GDI0005A) and the other nucleic acid sequence has at least 65% identity with SEQ ID NO: 2 (GDI0006A).
 27. The vector of claim 25, wherein the nucleic acid sequence(s) is(are) operably linked to a promoter.
 28. A host cell comprising the vector of claim
 25. 29. A transgenic plant comprising at least one nucleic acid sequence encoding for a protein selected from the group consisting of: a) Group 1 proteins having at least 70% identity with SEQ ID NO: 1 (GDI0005A), and b) Group 2 proteins having at least 65% identity with SEQ ID NO: 2 (GDI0006A).
 30. The transgenic plant of claim 29, comprising two nucleic acid sequences, wherein one nucleic acid sequence has at least 70% identity with SEQ ID NO: 1 (GDI0005A) and the other nucleic acid sequence has at least 65% identity with SEQ ID NO: 2 (GDI0006A).
 31. The transgenic plant of claim 29, wherein the plant is a maize plant.
 32. A transgenic seed from the transgenic plant of claim
 29. 33. A method for controlling pest population in field comprising growing in said field the plant of claim
 29. 34. A method for controlling pest population in field comprising growing in said field the plant of claim
 30. 35. A method for producing a pest tolerant transgenic plant, wherein said method comprises: a) transforming plant cells with a vector of claim 25; b) selecting transformed plant cells comprising the vector; and c) regenerating from said transformed plant cells a pest tolerant transgenic plant expressing a protein encoded by said vector.
 36. A method for detecting the presence or absence of a nucleic acid sequence of a vector of claim 25 in a biological sample, comprising the steps of: a) obtaining a biological sample; b) extracting the DNA or the RNA or the proteins from the biological sample; and c) detecting the presence or absence of the nucleic acid sequence of the vector of claim
 25. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein step c) is performed using: a) at least two primers for amplifying a nucleic acid sequence of said vector, or b) at least one marker hybridizing to a nucleic acid sequence of said vector.
 38. A method for producing an insecticidal composition, wherein said method comprises: a) culturing a cell of claim 28, and b) recovering a protein of Group 1 or a protein of Group
 2. 39. A composition having insecticidal activity against an insect pest comprising an effective amount of at least one protein selected from: a) Group 1 protein having at least 70% identity with SEQ ID NO: 1 (GDI0005A), and b) Group 2 protein having at least 65% identity with SEQ ID NO: 2 (GDI0006A).
 40. The composition of claim 39, comprising a protein of Group 1 and a protein of Group
 2. 41. The composition of claim 39, comprising a native Chryseobacterium expressing said protein.
 42. A method of treating a plant against an infestation of an insect pest comprising administering to the plant the composition of claim
 39. 43. The method of treating a plant against an infestation of an insect pest comprising culturing a transgenic plant comprising the vector of claim
 25. 